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Compressive lesions from head trauma, intracranial aneurysms, uncal herniation, and tumors typically involve the pupil as they affect the superficial parasympathetic fibers that innervate the pupil. Third nerve palsies rarely present as isolated mydriasis associated findings include ptosis, an ipsilateral “down and out” gaze, and loss of accommodation. The oculomotor nerve innervates 4 extraocular muscles (superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique), the sphincter pupillae muscle, the ciliary muscle, and the levator palpebrae muscle. Oculomotor (third) nerve palsy varies in presentation and etiology. Adie's pupil may involve an orbital process, while bilateral cases may indicate systemic processes. Ninety percent of cases occur in women between the ages of 20-40 years, 80% of cases are unilateral, and 70% of cases are associated with decreased deep tendon reflexes (Adie’s syndrome).

Aberrant reinnervation and upregulation of postsynaptic receptors lead to the clinical presentation of a tonically dilated pupil with reaction to near stimulation but poor reaction to light. Further pharmacologic work-up (see diagnostic procedures) is useful in confirming Horner’s and historically was used to localize the lesion.Īdie’s tonic pupil results from damage to the parasympathetic ciliary ganglion or short ciliary nerves that innervate the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle. Postganglionic or third-order neuron lesions include carotid artery dissection, cavernous sinus lesion, otitis media, and head or neck trauma. Preganglionic or second-order neuron lesions may be caused by a Pancoast tumor, mediastinal or thyroid mass, cervical rib, neck trauma, or surgery. Central or first-order lesions are often caused by stroke (may present as lateral medullary syndrome) or demyelinating disease. Anisocoria is greater in the dark due to a defect in the pupillary dilator response secondary to lesions along the sympathetic trunk. Horner’s syndrome (oculosympathetic palsy) is classically described by the triad of ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis, although clinical presentations may vary. Prostaglandins, opioids, and organophosphate insecticides can constrict pupils as well.

Sympathomimetics, such as adrenaline, clonidine, and phenylephrine, cause mydriasis through their actions at ɑ-1 receptors of the pupillary dilator muscle. The use of pilocarpine, a non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist in the parasympathetic nervous system, may result in a small and poorly reactive pupil. Scopolamine patches, glycopyrrolate antiperspirants, nasal vasoconstrictors, herbals such as Jimson weed, blue nightshade, and Angel’s trumpet can dilate pupils. Anticholinergics such as atropine, homatropine, tropicamide, scopolamine, and cyclopentolate lead to mydriasis and cycloplegia by inhibiting parasympathetic M3 receptors of the pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscles. Pharmacologic anisocoria can present as mydriasis or miosis following administration of agents that act on the pupillary dilator or sphincter muscles. Causes include physical injury from ocular trauma or surgery, inflammatory conditions such as uveitis, angle closure glaucoma leading to iris occlusion of the trabecular meshwork, or intraocular tumors causing physical distortion of the iris. Mechanical anisocoria results from damage to the iris or its supporting structures. Examples include aniridia, coloboma, and ectopic pupil. Physiologic anisocoria may be intermittent, persistent, or even self-resolving.Ĭongenital anomalies in the structure of the iris may contribute to abnormal pupillary sizes and shapes that present in childhood. Light and near responses are intact, and the degree of anisocoria is typically equal in light and dark. The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be due to transient asymmetric supranuclear inhibition of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus that controls the pupillary sphincter. It is a benign condition with a difference in pupil size of less than or equal to 1 mm. Physiologic (also known as simple or essential) anisocoria is the most common cause of unequal pupil sizes, affecting up to 20% of the population. An injury or lesion in either pathway may result in changes in pupil size. Generally, anisocoria is caused by impaired dilation (a sympathetic response) or impaired constriction (a parasympathetic response) of pupils. Thus, thorough clinical evaluation is important for appropriate diagnosis and management of the underlying cause. It is relatively common, and causes vary from benign physiologic anisocoria to potentially life-threatening emergencies. © 2019 Neuro-ophthalmology Virtual Education Library: NOVEL Īnisocoria indicates unequal pupil sizes.